Accueil /Représentation spinorielle

Message d'erreur

  • Deprecated function: Return type of DatabaseStatementBase::execute($args = [], $options = []) should either be compatible with PDOStatement::execute(?array $params = null): bool, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in require_once() (line 2244 of /home/laurentp/www/includes/database/database.inc).
  • Deprecated function: Return type of DatabaseStatementEmpty::current() should either be compatible with Iterator::current(): mixed, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in require_once() (line 2346 of /home/laurentp/www/includes/database/database.inc).
  • Deprecated function: Return type of DatabaseStatementEmpty::next() should either be compatible with Iterator::next(): void, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in require_once() (line 2346 of /home/laurentp/www/includes/database/database.inc).
  • Deprecated function: Return type of DatabaseStatementEmpty::key() should either be compatible with Iterator::key(): mixed, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in require_once() (line 2346 of /home/laurentp/www/includes/database/database.inc).
  • Deprecated function: Return type of DatabaseStatementEmpty::valid() should either be compatible with Iterator::valid(): bool, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in require_once() (line 2346 of /home/laurentp/www/includes/database/database.inc).
  • Deprecated function: Return type of DatabaseStatementEmpty::rewind() should either be compatible with Iterator::rewind(): void, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in require_once() (line 2346 of /home/laurentp/www/includes/database/database.inc).
  • Deprecated function: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in drupal_random_bytes() (line 2268 of /home/laurentp/www/includes/bootstrap.inc).
  • Deprecated function: Optional parameter $type declared before required parameter $key is implicitly treated as a required parameter in include_once() (line 1389 of /home/laurentp/www/includes/bootstrap.inc).
  • Deprecated function: Return type of DateObject::__wakeup() should either be compatible with DateTime::__wakeup(): void, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in include_once() (line 143 of /home/laurentp/www/sites/all/modules/date/date_api/date_api.module).
  • Deprecated function: Return type of DateObject::format($format, $force = false) should either be compatible with DateTime::format(string $format): string, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in include_once() (line 143 of /home/laurentp/www/sites/all/modules/date/date_api/date_api.module).
  • Deprecated function: Return type of DateObject::setTimezone($tz, $force = false) should either be compatible with DateTime::setTimezone(DateTimeZone $timezone): DateTime, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in include_once() (line 143 of /home/laurentp/www/sites/all/modules/date/date_api/date_api.module).
  • Deprecated function: Optional parameter $input declared before required parameter $form_state is implicitly treated as a required parameter in include_once() (line 1389 of /home/laurentp/www/includes/bootstrap.inc).
  • Deprecated function : Creation of dynamic property SelectQuery::$alterTags is deprecated dans SelectQuery->addTag() (ligne 978 dans /home/laurentp/www/includes/database/select.inc).
  • Deprecated function : Creation of dynamic property DatabaseCondition::$stringVersion is deprecated dans DatabaseCondition->compile() (ligne 1865 dans /home/laurentp/www/includes/database/query.inc).
  • Deprecated function : Creation of dynamic property DatabaseCondition::$stringVersion is deprecated dans DatabaseCondition->compile() (ligne 1865 dans /home/laurentp/www/includes/database/query.inc).
  • Deprecated function : Creation of dynamic property DatabaseCondition::$stringVersion is deprecated dans DatabaseCondition->compile() (ligne 1865 dans /home/laurentp/www/includes/database/query.inc).
  • Deprecated function : Creation of dynamic property DatabaseCondition::$stringVersion is deprecated dans DatabaseCondition->compile() (ligne 1865 dans /home/laurentp/www/includes/database/query.inc).
  • Deprecated function : rtrim(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated dans url() (ligne 2349 dans /home/laurentp/www/includes/common.inc).
  • Deprecated function : Creation of dynamic property SelectQuery::$alterTags is deprecated dans SelectQuery->addTag() (ligne 978 dans /home/laurentp/www/includes/database/select.inc).
  • Deprecated function : Creation of dynamic property DatabaseCondition::$stringVersion is deprecated dans DatabaseCondition->compile() (ligne 1865 dans /home/laurentp/www/includes/database/query.inc).
  • Deprecated function : Creation of dynamic property DatabaseCondition::$stringVersion is deprecated dans DatabaseCondition->compile() (ligne 1865 dans /home/laurentp/www/includes/database/query.inc).
  • Deprecated function : Creation of dynamic property DatabaseCondition::$stringVersion is deprecated dans DatabaseCondition->compile() (ligne 1865 dans /home/laurentp/www/includes/database/query.inc).
  • Deprecated function : Creation of dynamic property DatabaseCondition::$stringVersion is deprecated dans DatabaseCondition->compile() (ligne 1865 dans /home/laurentp/www/includes/database/query.inc).
  • Deprecated function : Creation of dynamic property PDOException::$query_string is deprecated dans DatabaseConnection->query() (ligne 770 dans /home/laurentp/www/includes/database/database.inc).
  • Deprecated function : Creation of dynamic property PDOException::$args is deprecated dans DatabaseConnection->query() (ligne 772 dans /home/laurentp/www/includes/database/database.inc).
  • Deprecated function : Creation of dynamic property DatabaseCondition::$stringVersion is deprecated dans DatabaseCondition->compile() (ligne 1865 dans /home/laurentp/www/includes/database/query.inc).
  • Deprecated function : Creation of dynamic property DatabaseCondition::$stringVersion is deprecated dans DatabaseCondition->compile() (ligne 1865 dans /home/laurentp/www/includes/database/query.inc).
  • Deprecated function : Creation of dynamic property DatabaseCondition::$stringVersion is deprecated dans DatabaseCondition->compile() (ligne 1865 dans /home/laurentp/www/includes/database/query.inc).
  • Deprecated function : Creation of dynamic property DatabaseCondition::$stringVersion is deprecated dans DatabaseCondition->compile() (ligne 1865 dans /home/laurentp/www/includes/database/query.inc).
  • Deprecated function : strpos(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($haystack) of type string is deprecated dans url_is_external() (ligne 2393 dans /home/laurentp/www/includes/common.inc).
  • Deprecated function : str_replace(): Passing null to parameter #3 ($subject) of type array|string is deprecated dans url_is_external() (ligne 2395 dans /home/laurentp/www/includes/common.inc).
  • Deprecated function : ltrim(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated dans url() (ligne 2311 dans /home/laurentp/www/includes/common.inc).
  • Deprecated function : Creation of dynamic property SelectQuery::$alterTags is deprecated dans SelectQuery->addTag() (ligne 978 dans /home/laurentp/www/includes/database/select.inc).
  • Deprecated function : Creation of dynamic property DatabaseCondition::$stringVersion is deprecated dans DatabaseCondition->compile() (ligne 1865 dans /home/laurentp/www/includes/database/query.inc).
  • Deprecated function : Creation of dynamic property DatabaseCondition::$stringVersion is deprecated dans DatabaseCondition->compile() (ligne 1865 dans /home/laurentp/www/includes/database/query.inc).
  • Deprecated function : Creation of dynamic property SelectQuery::$alterTags is deprecated dans SelectQuery->addTag() (ligne 978 dans /home/laurentp/www/includes/database/select.inc).
  • Deprecated function : Creation of dynamic property DatabaseCondition::$stringVersion is deprecated dans DatabaseCondition->compile() (ligne 1865 dans /home/laurentp/www/includes/database/query.inc).
  • Deprecated function : Creation of dynamic property DatabaseCondition::$stringVersion is deprecated dans DatabaseCondition->compile() (ligne 1865 dans /home/laurentp/www/includes/database/query.inc).
  • Deprecated function : Creation of dynamic property SelectQuery::$alterTags is deprecated dans SelectQuery->addTag() (ligne 978 dans /home/laurentp/www/includes/database/select.inc).
  • Deprecated function : Creation of dynamic property DatabaseCondition::$stringVersion is deprecated dans DatabaseCondition->compile() (ligne 1865 dans /home/laurentp/www/includes/database/query.inc).
  • Deprecated function : Creation of dynamic property DatabaseCondition::$stringVersion is deprecated dans DatabaseCondition->compile() (ligne 1865 dans /home/laurentp/www/includes/database/query.inc).
  • Deprecated function : Creation of dynamic property DatabaseCondition::$stringVersion is deprecated dans DatabaseCondition->compile() (ligne 1865 dans /home/laurentp/www/includes/database/query.inc).
  • Deprecated function : Creation of dynamic property DatabaseCondition::$stringVersion is deprecated dans DatabaseCondition->compile() (ligne 1865 dans /home/laurentp/www/includes/database/query.inc).
  • Deprecated function : Creation of dynamic property SelectQuery::$alterTags is deprecated dans SelectQuery->addTag() (ligne 978 dans /home/laurentp/www/includes/database/select.inc).
  • Deprecated function : Creation of dynamic property DatabaseCondition::$stringVersion is deprecated dans DatabaseCondition->compile() (ligne 1865 dans /home/laurentp/www/includes/database/query.inc).
  • Deprecated function : Creation of dynamic property DatabaseCondition::$stringVersion is deprecated dans DatabaseCondition->compile() (ligne 1865 dans /home/laurentp/www/includes/database/query.inc).
  • Deprecated function : Creation of dynamic property DatabaseCondition::$stringVersion is deprecated dans DatabaseCondition->compile() (ligne 1865 dans /home/laurentp/www/includes/database/query.inc).
  • Deprecated function : Creation of dynamic property DatabaseCondition::$stringVersion is deprecated dans DatabaseCondition->compile() (ligne 1865 dans /home/laurentp/www/includes/database/query.inc).
  • Deprecated function : Creation of dynamic property SelectQuery::$alterTags is deprecated dans SelectQuery->addTag() (ligne 978 dans /home/laurentp/www/includes/database/select.inc).
  • Deprecated function : Creation of dynamic property DatabaseCondition::$stringVersion is deprecated dans DatabaseCondition->compile() (ligne 1865 dans /home/laurentp/www/includes/database/query.inc).
  • Deprecated function : Creation of dynamic property DatabaseCondition::$stringVersion is deprecated dans DatabaseCondition->compile() (ligne 1865 dans /home/laurentp/www/includes/database/query.inc).
  • Deprecated function : Creation of dynamic property DatabaseCondition::$stringVersion is deprecated dans DatabaseCondition->compile() (ligne 1865 dans /home/laurentp/www/includes/database/query.inc).
  • Deprecated function : Creation of dynamic property DatabaseCondition::$stringVersion is deprecated dans DatabaseCondition->compile() (ligne 1865 dans /home/laurentp/www/includes/database/query.inc).
  • Deprecated function : Creation of dynamic property SelectQuery::$alterTags is deprecated dans SelectQuery->addTag() (ligne 978 dans /home/laurentp/www/includes/database/select.inc).
  • Deprecated function : Creation of dynamic property DatabaseCondition::$stringVersion is deprecated dans DatabaseCondition->compile() (ligne 1865 dans /home/laurentp/www/includes/database/query.inc).
  • Deprecated function : Creation of dynamic property DatabaseCondition::$stringVersion is deprecated dans DatabaseCondition->compile() (ligne 1865 dans /home/laurentp/www/includes/database/query.inc).
  • Deprecated function : Creation of dynamic property DatabaseCondition::$stringVersion is deprecated dans DatabaseCondition->compile() (ligne 1865 dans /home/laurentp/www/includes/database/query.inc).
  • Deprecated function : Creation of dynamic property DatabaseCondition::$stringVersion is deprecated dans DatabaseCondition->compile() (ligne 1865 dans /home/laurentp/www/includes/database/query.inc).
  • Deprecated function : Creation of dynamic property SelectQuery::$alterTags is deprecated dans SelectQuery->addTag() (ligne 978 dans /home/laurentp/www/includes/database/select.inc).
  • Deprecated function : Creation of dynamic property DatabaseCondition::$stringVersion is deprecated dans DatabaseCondition->compile() (ligne 1865 dans /home/laurentp/www/includes/database/query.inc).
  • Deprecated function : Creation of dynamic property DatabaseCondition::$stringVersion is deprecated dans DatabaseCondition->compile() (ligne 1865 dans /home/laurentp/www/includes/database/query.inc).

Représentation spinorielle

Soumis par Laurent Petit cours le lun, 13/08/2012 - 12:01

SO(2n) et SO(2n+1) sont des groupes de Lie non compacts, bien que bornés, leur recouvrement à deux feuillets Spin(2n) et Spin(2n+1)
sont eux compacts.

Les diagrammes de Dynkin de ces deux familles de groupes de Lie commencent par des points reliés par des tirets mais à leur extrémité on trouve ou bien une double ligne pour Spin (2n+1) ou bien une ramification pour Spin(2n).

Ces deux points terminaux correspondent aux représentations spinorielles de Spin(N). On peut rencontrer l'expression représentation spinorielle de SO(N) au lieu de Spin(N), ce qui est un raccourcis.

Spin(N) est naturellement un sous groupe de l'algèbre de Clifford Cl(N) comme produits pairs de vecteurs de longueur 1.
Toute représentation de l'algèbre de Clifford induira une représentation de Spin (N).

Ce phénomène n'existe pas pour la famille SU(N) car leur diagramme de Dynkin est une suite de points non ramifiés relié par de simple ligne.

Réf:
Bröcker
Kirillov
Knapp : Lie Groups beyond..
Hall: Lie groups..
Fulto: representation...
Simon B: representation...
Adams JF: lectures
Humphreys James: Introduction to Lie algebras
Varadarajan: Lie groups..

Uncaught exception thrown in session handler.

PDOException: SQLSTATE[42000]: Syntax error or access violation: 1142 INSERT command denied to user 'laurentpabcm'@'10.2.20.120' for table 'drupclonesessions': INSERT INTO {sessions} (sid, ssid, uid, cache, hostname, session, timestamp) VALUES (:db_insert_placeholder_0, :db_insert_placeholder_1, :db_insert_placeholder_2, :db_insert_placeholder_3, :db_insert_placeholder_4, :db_insert_placeholder_5, :db_insert_placeholder_6); Array ( [:db_insert_placeholder_0] => tGU_VKX5K5Up8dqqJDfQy325DpNwEAl_kjfo7faRM0I [:db_insert_placeholder_1] => tGU_VKX5K5Up8dqqJDfQy325DpNwEAl_kjfo7faRM0I [:db_insert_placeholder_2] => 0 [:db_insert_placeholder_3] => 0 [:db_insert_placeholder_4] => 3.145.18.3 [:db_insert_placeholder_5] => messages|a:1:{s:5:"error";a:6:{i:0;s:300:"<em class="placeholder">Deprecated function</em> : Creation of dynamic property SelectQuery::$alterTags is deprecated dans <em class="placeholder">SelectQuery->addTag()</em> (ligne <em class="placeholder">978</em> dans <em class="placeholder">/home/laurentp/www/includes/database/select.inc</em>).";i:1;s:317:"<em class="placeholder">Deprecated function</em> : Creation of dynamic property DatabaseCondition::$stringVersion is deprecated dans <em class="placeholder">DatabaseCondition->compile()</em> (ligne <em class="placeholder">1865</em> dans <em class="placeholder">/home/laurentp/www/includes/database/query.inc</em>).";i:2;s:317:"<em class="placeholder">Deprecated function</em> : Creation of dynamic property DatabaseCondition::$stringVersion is deprecated dans <em class="placeholder">DatabaseCondition->compile()</em> (ligne <em class="placeholder">1865</em> dans <em class="placeholder">/home/laurentp/www/includes/database/query.inc</em>).";i:3;s:300:"<em class="placeholder">Deprecated function</em> : Creation of dynamic property SelectQuery::$alterTags is deprecated dans <em class="placeholder">SelectQuery->addTag()</em> (ligne <em class="placeholder">978</em> dans <em class="placeholder">/home/laurentp/www/includes/database/select.inc</em>).";i:4;s:317:"<em class="placeholder">Deprecated function</em> : Creation of dynamic property DatabaseCondition::$stringVersion is deprecated dans <em class="placeholder">DatabaseCondition->compile()</em> (ligne <em class="placeholder">1865</em> dans <em class="placeholder">/home/laurentp/www/includes/database/query.inc</em>).";i:5;s:317:"<em class="placeholder">Deprecated function</em> : Creation of dynamic property DatabaseCondition::$stringVersion is deprecated dans <em class="placeholder">DatabaseCondition->compile()</em> (ligne <em class="placeholder">1865</em> dans <em class="placeholder">/home/laurentp/www/includes/database/query.inc</em>).";}} [:db_insert_placeholder_6] => 1722064204 ) in _drupal_session_write() (line 209 of /home/laurentp/www/includes/session.inc).